Cultural Bias Toward Optimism and Pessimism in Eastern and Western Culture

http://persweb.wabash.edu/facstaff/hortonr/articles%20for%20class/cultural%20differences%20in%20biases.pdf

I ran across this fascinating article about the distinctions between Eastern and Western cultures regarding optimism and pessimism and how each integrates these attitudes into their cultures.  In Western culture, the emphasis is on self improvement for the benefit of the self, whereas in Eastern culture the emphasis is on the improvement of the group via the sacrifice of the self.  The article mentions that in Eastern culture, self-criticism is an important element of maintaining and supporting the group.  This self-critical behavior fosters a more pessimistic view of expectations in one’s life.  In Western culture, the emphasis on individualism and self achievement gives rise to a more optimistic view of one’s own expectations, and thus gives rise to ultimate success of the group.

As I read this article, I thought about the  problems plaguing the world, and how various cultures have reacted to their governments.  I have wondered why Americans are not rioting in the streets as much as other cultures.  Certainly there are many in this country who are angry with our government.  Based on this article, explaining the connection of self striving and optimism, I find that it is in our nature as a culture to take a really bad situation and find the guts to dig out of it, instead of freaking out and rioting.  I find that it is our optimism as a culture that keeps us searching for a solution. We believe that we do have a culture that is worth preserving and we need to work together to fix the problems.   This sense of individualism that our Western culture subscribes to is to our advantage, because it encourages self-enhancement (as the article states), which then fosters optimism.

Culture in India

When conducting research on the subject of culture there are so many places to study and, try to understand. I have chosen the culture of India. This culture is so far away from the United States that I couldn’t help but study it. The following are little facts from the website http://www.indianmirror.com/culture/cul8.html

 “India has almost an equal number of men and women and almost half of the women belong to the uneducated category.”

“The Indian girls mostly prefer arranged marriages, by their parents and they take it naturally to deliver babies in the coming year.” “In earlier times mostly boys were preferred to girls, as raising girls, giving them education and then giving a hefty dowry seemed impossible.”

“An Indian woman is best depicted wearing flowers on her hair, with colorful bangles on her wrists and sporting a lengthy sari neatly tucked in.”

This is the culture of the Indian women so it’s completely normal for them to follow this way of life, they don’t know anything else. As it says above, most girls’ prefer to be set up in an arranged marriage. In the U.S., statistics have shown that arranged marriage just doesn’t exist.

More Indian cultures are as follows provided by the website:

http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/india-country-profile.html

In relationships in India they all involve hierarchies. In schools, teachers are called gurus and are viewed as the source of all knowledge. The patriarch, usually the father, is considered the leader of the family. The boss is seen as the source of ultimate responsibility in business. Every relationship has a clear- cut hierarchy that must be observed for the social order to be maintained. And they respect this way of living. This is how they grow up so it’s nothing out of the ordinary for them.

. Religion, education and social class all influence greetings in India.

. This is a hierarchical culture, so greet the eldest or most senior person first.

. When leaving a group, each person must be bid farewell individually.

. Shaking hands is common, especially in the large cities among the more educated who are accustomed to dealing with westerners.

. Men may shake hands with other men and women may shake hands with other women; however there are seldom handshakes between men and women because of religious beliefs.

Dining Etiquette

. Although Indians are not always punctual themselves, they expect foreigners to arrive close to the appointed time.

. Take off your shoes before entering the house.

. Dress modestly and conservatively.

. Politely turn down the first offer of tea, coffee, or snacks. You will be asked again and again. Saying no to the first invitation is part of the protocol.

Table manners are somewhat formal, but this formality is tempered by the religious beliefs of the various groups.

. Much Indian food is eaten with the fingers.

. Wait to be told where to sit.

Guests are often served in a particular order: the guest of honour is served first, followed by the men, and the children are served last. Women typically serve the men and eat later.

. You may be asked to wash your hands before and after sitting down to a meal.

. Always use your right hand to eat, whether you are using utensils or your fingers.

. Leaving a small amount of food on your plate indicates that you are satisfied. Finishing all your food means that you are still hungry.

If an Indian women chooses not to listen to what her husband, father, or any male telling her to do something  that is communicating with her has to say, then she shall be punished. This would be considered a limit of culture.

I hope you find this interesting and enjoyable! I can’t believe how different cultures are from what I know, and this is just one!

Research on removing junk food from schools

In the past 30 thirty years childhood obesity has more than tripled. As of 2008, more than one third of children and adolescents were overweight. Childhood obesity has a lot of health risks, and can be very dangerous.  Over the past few years people have been speaking about the issue more and more.

Between 2003 and 2005 in California, a policy was placed that sodas and other high sugar drinks were to be eliminated from schools. The policy also included that schools were no longer allowed to sell junk foods. To monitor if taking away junk foods from schools had an effect on childrens’ weight, researchers used eight years of BMI (body mass index) from students in fifth to seventh grade. The study showed the BMI rates from the years before the policy was in place, and years after the policy was in.

The research showed that before junk food was banned from the schools, the BMI of all the students was increasing. The number of overweight students was significantly reduced within the three years after the policy came into effect. The study was also compared to similar research done in Lost Angles. The results they had also showed a decrease in overweight students after monitoring what was available for students at school. Changing how kids eat at school saves them a couple hundred calories a day, which is enough to make a difference in the long run.

http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/bans-on-school-junk-food-pay-off-in-california/

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100302083500.htm

http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm

Research on Student Learning Through Social Media

As social media becomes more popular, more and more people become more interested in it. Students need socialization, so they are hesitant to take online courses or their daily schedules make it easier to take online classes.  Privacy is a concern in regards to social dimension of students. A study conducted addressed questions such as:  Does social media and social learning promote educational opportunities for better student understanding? Do students view social media as an asset to courses, enhance understanding and keep students engaged?  What problems do university students see with social media usage?

Thirty four questions were incorporated into an online survey regarding demographics of 1376 university students between ages 18-50 and over as the sample. 32% are male, 68% are female, 79% full time and 21% part time students, 21% live on campus and 79% live off campus.  The procedure in the research consisted of an 18 question online survey analyzed and disbursed to 8,486 students. The students had one month to complete the survey and only 16% replied.  Perhaps maybe a face to face survey or a classroom survey may have gotten them a bigger return on replies. I know when I get online survey request I tend to ignore them. In peoples busy lives they don’t have the time to look at what may be considered “junk” online. Maybe also since the research being done is in regards to social media, perhaps putting an online chat for discussion on the college website to seek feedback from the diverse student body.

Analysis consisted of percentages, t tests, and correlations.  Overall results indicated that students were positive regarding the use of social media learning in courses online.  It also resulted in implications for teaching improvements with distance learning. It is believed that learners interact with each other and improves learning with social media.

A problem university students consider with social media use is that it depends on the person, gender, full time, part time, on or off campus students. At this time social media is not used a whole lot, but results indicate professors should train to achieve comfort with social media in their classroom.

 

http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jsr/article/view/2136/1779

Teen pregnancy decline since the 1950s

Sex was on a quick uprising causing a rise in the amount of teen pregnancies. The United States has recently seen a decine in teen pregnancy since the 1950s, with this decline the US is still one of the highest ranking birth rates in comparison with other industrialized countries. Childbearing in teenagers is not only looked down upon because the the health risks that mother and child are prone to, but also the rising rate of uneducated US citizens. According to the NCHS the teen pregnancy birht rate has decreased almost 9%, as an all tie historical low since 1949.

With these declines it is safe to say that the impact of the pregnancy prevention messages have taken impact. Check out this website, it has many more statistics with graphs and more information that should make everyone happy!

Health Insurance Statistics

Being a college student, I am very concerned with health issuance issues like cost and what happens when I graduate.  We all know how expensive our school insurance is and how little it covers. I know that if my financial aid did not cover the cost then I wouldn’t have any at all.  Because finical aid  does cover it I don’t have to worry about it for a few years but after I graduate I will not be able to afford it. According to the U.S. Census Bureau the first 6 months of 2011 compared to all of 2012, the health insurance rate declined in people ages 19 to 25.

The article ‘Health Insurance Coverage of Young Adults Aged 19 to 25:2008, 2009, and 2011‘ discusses the insurance coverage of people aged 19 to 25 and how the new law played a huge role in the changes.

The new law that I am referring to is a standardized national law that came into affect in 2010 were children under the age of 26 can be covered by their parents’ private health insurance. Because of the change in law, the article shows data from the two years before the change (2008 and 2009) and after (2011). The Census Bureau also compares those statistics to those aged 26 to 29, who were unable to be covered under their parents insurance.

The article states that there is not much of a difference of stats between the age groups 19 to 25 and 26 to 29 before the new law. In 2009, both groups dropped 1.1%-1.2%. After the new law the two groups were no longer changing at the same rate.  From 2009 to 2011, the insurance rate of people aged 19 to 25 increased from 68.3% to 71.8%. Whereas people aged 26 to 29, their insurance rate decreased from 71.1% to 70.3%.

Hopefully soon we will find a solution to fix the health insurance issues in the country. According to these statistics, it is not looking good to anyone over the age of 26.

Unemployment Statistics

Recently in the Berkshire Eagle was an article about the jobless rate in Massachusetts increasing .2% this past month. It has gone up from 6.1% in July to 6.3% in August. This was caused by the loss of 4,800 jobs during the month from sectors such as construction and education and health services.

Although the jobless rate slightly increased in our state last month, in the past couple of years it’s actually been decreasing pretty steadily. This can be clearly seen by looking at the third and fourth graphs in the second link. The third graph, titled “unemployment”, shows the number of people in Massachusetts who have been unemployed every month since 2002. The fourth graph, titled “unemployment rate”, shows the percent of the population of Massachusetts who are jobless. This graph uses the same time line. Both graphs are seasonally adjusted, meaning seasonal jobs and jobs that are affected by the weather have been excluded from the data. The table underneath the graphs gives specific numbers of both people and percentages. The last two columns of the table show that the lowest unemployment rate was from March 2007 to January 2008 at 4.5%, averaging 153,572 people unemployed. The highest the unemployment rate has been in the past 10 years was in August 2009 to February 2010 at 8.7%, averaging 301,561 people unemployed. As of now, we’re almost directly in the middle with 218,753 people unemployed.

Unemployment is also dropping little by little in the United States as a whole. The third link contains a table showing that the unemployment rate decreased .2% from July to August. The graph above it makes it easier to visualize the fluctuation of the percentages month by month for the past 10 years. Both the table and the graph are seasonally adjusted and it is noted that the data comes from people ages 16 and up. Using the numbers from the table it’s easy to calculate averages, which show that unemployment in the U.S. was at it’s lowest in 2006 and 2007 at 4.6% and at it’s highest in 2010 at 9.6%. The country is currently at an 8.2% unemployment rate but that’s only the average from January 2012 to August 2012; it can (and probably will) change with the coming months.

Sources:

http://www.berkshireeagle.com/ci_21591148/mass-jobless-rate-rises-6-3-percent?IADID=Search-www.berkshireeagle.com-www.berkshireeagle.com

http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LASST25000003

http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000